What is astaxanthin?
Astaxanthin is a remarkable carotenoid characterised by its vibrant red colour and exceptional antioxidant properties. Naturally occurring in various marine organisms such as algae, salmon, krill and lobster, astaxanthin is responsible for the pink to red colouring of these animals. Unlike other carotenoids such as beta-carotene or lycopene, astaxanthin has a unique molecular structure that makes it one of the most powerful natural antioxidants. This property enables astaxanthin to effectively neutralise free radicals and thus reduce cell damage and inflammation.
In recent years, astaxanthin has attracted considerable scientific interest, not only because of its role in nature, but also because of its multiple health benefits for humans. Studies suggest that astaxanthin may help improve skin health, support cardiovascular function, promote eye health and reduce inflammatory processes in the body. It is also valued for its potential to enhance performance and speed recovery in sports. These multiple benefits have led to astaxanthin becoming increasingly popular as a dietary supplement and being used in various health and wellness products.
How is astaxanthin extracted?
Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that is mainly extracted from natural sources such as microalgae and marine organisms. There are also synthetic methods of producing astaxanthin, but natural extraction is often favoured due to its higher biological activity and safety. Here are the main methods of extracting astaxanthin in detail:
1. at LipoVibes: cultivation of microalgae
Haematococcus pluvialis is the most important microalgae for the production of astaxanthin. This algae produces large quantities of astaxanthin under stressful conditions such as strong light, high salt content and nutrient deficiency.
Process of algae cultivation:
- Open pond systems: In these systems, the algae grow in large, open pools in the open air. This method is cost-effective and enables a large production capacity. However, there is a higher risk of contamination from other organisms and environmental factors such as weather conditions.
- Closed photobioreactors: These systems provide a controlled environment for algae growth. The closed structure protects against contamination and allows precise control of growth conditions. However, this method is more expensive and technically more demanding.
Harvesting and extraction:
After cultivation, the algae are harvested and dried. The astaxanthin is then isolated using mechanical or chemical extraction methods. Supercritical CO₂ extraction is a favoured method as it is efficient and environmentally friendly.
2. extraction from marine animals
Astaxanthin is found in many marine organisms, particularly crustaceans such as krill, shrimp and lobster, and fish such as salmon and trout. These animals obtain astaxanthin through their diet, mainly by consuming algae containing astaxanthin.
Method of extraction:
- Crustaceans: the shells and other by-products of the seafood industry that contain astaxanthin are collected and dried. The astaxanthin is then isolated by solvent extraction, often with ethanol. Enzymatic methods can also be used to increase extraction efficiency.
- Krill oil: Krill is caught and processed into oil rich in astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids. The oil is obtained by cold pressing or solvent extraction.
3. synthetic production
Astaxanthin can also be produced synthetically from petrochemical starting materials. This enables cost-effective and consistent production. Synthetic astaxanthin is mainly used in the animal feed industry, especially for colouring farmed salmon.
Synthetic production process:
The chemical synthesis of astaxanthin involves several steps and chemical reactions. Although synthetic astaxanthin has similar antioxidant properties to natural astaxanthin, it is often considered less beneficial to health.
Applications and market
Astaxanthin is used in various areas:
- Dietary supplements: due to its powerful antioxidant properties, astaxanthin is sold in capsule and tablet form to help support skin health, eye health and general vitality.
- Cosmetics: Astaxanthin is used in skin care products to protect the skin from UV rays and improve skin texture.
Demand for astaxanthin is growing steadily, fuelled by increasing consumer awareness of natural antioxidants and their health benefits. The different methods of extraction and the wide application in various industries make astaxanthin an important and versatile product on the global market.
How does astaxanthin work?
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with exceptionally strong antioxidant properties found in various natural sources such as microalgae, krill, shrimp and salmon. Its unique molecular structure gives it a special ability to fight oxidative damage and provide a variety of health benefits. Below is a detailed description of the effects and health benefits of astaxanthin.
Antioxidant properties
Astaxanthin is one of the most powerful antioxidants, far superior to other carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein. Antioxidants are molecules that neutralise free radicals caused by oxidative stress. Free radicals can cause cell damage that contributes to chronic disease and ageing. Astaxanthin protects cells by reducing oxidative damage and thus preserving cell integrity. This powerful antioxidant ability results from the structure of astaxanthin, which is able to act across the entire cell membrane, protecting both the inner and outer parts of the cell membrane.
Anti-inflammatory effect
Astaxanthin has anti-inflammatory properties, which are mediated by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory molecules and enzymes. It can inhibit the activity of NF-κB, an important regulator of inflammatory processes. This leads to a reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. This anti-inflammatory effect is particularly beneficial in chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, where astaxanthin can help to reduce pain and swelling.
Protecting the skin
Astaxanthin can protect the skin from damage caused by UV radiation by reducing oxidative damage and inflammation caused by sun exposure. Studies have shown that astaxanthin improves skin elasticity and moisture and reduces the appearance of wrinkles. It promotes skin cell health and supports skin barrier function, leading to overall improved skin health.
Eye health
Astaxanthin has positive effects on eye health, particularly in protecting the retina from oxidative stress and inflammation. It can improve blood flow in the capillaries of the eyes and helps to protect eye cells from damage caused by blue light and UV radiation. This is particularly important in times of increasing screen use, which can lead to digital eye strain. Astaxanthin can alleviate symptoms such as eye fatigue and dryness.
Cardiovascular health
Astaxanthin supports cardiovascular health by preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and improving lipid profiles. It can improve endothelial function and reduce inflammation in blood vessels, which can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Studies suggest that astaxanthin supports blood pressure regulation and promotes the elasticity of blood vessels.
Muscle and joint health
Astaxanthin can improve muscle recovery and endurance, which is particularly beneficial for athletes. It reduces muscle damage and inflammation after intense training sessions and promotes faster recovery. It can also support joint health by relieving joint pain caused by inflammation.
Immunomodulation
Astaxanthin has an immunomodulatory effect by regulating the activity of immune cells and balancing the immune response. It can promote the production of antibodies and the activity of natural killer cells (NK cells), which helps to strengthen the body's defences.
Neuroprotective effects
There is evidence that astaxanthin has neuroprotective properties that can protect the brain from oxidative damage. This can reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Astaxanthin can cross the blood-brain barrier and provide direct protection for nerve cells.
In summary, astaxanthin shows a wide range of health benefits due to its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It supports the health of skin, eyes, heart, muscles, joints and the immune system and offers potential protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Due to these versatile effects, astaxanthin is increasingly used in dietary supplements and health products.
How does astaxanthin differ from other active ingredients?
Astaxanthin differs from other active ingredients due to its unique chemical structure, its exceptionally strong antioxidant effect and the multiple health benefits it offers. Compared to other antioxidants and nutrients, astaxanthin offers some unique properties that make it a remarkable and effective active ingredient.
1. molecular structure
Astaxanthin belongs to the carotenoid group and is a colouring pigment found in various natural sources. Its structure consists of a chain of linked carbon rings with conjugated double bonds and a keto and hydroxyl group at the end. This structure gives astaxanthin its unique ability to neutralise free radicals and prevent cell damage.
Compared to other carotenoids such as beta-carotene or lycopene, astaxanthin has a longer conjugated double bond chain, resulting in stronger antioxidant activity. This structure enables astaxanthin to act more effectively across the cell membrane and protect both hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas of the cell.
2. antioxidant effect
Astaxanthin is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants known. It has an antioxidant effect up to 6000 times stronger than vitamin C and 800 times stronger than coenzyme Q10. This extraordinary antioxidant activity enables astaxanthin to effectively neutralise free radicals and reduce oxidative damage in the cells.
Compared to other antioxidants, astaxanthin is able to act in the cell membrane and protect both lipophilic and hydrophilic environments. This makes it an effective defence against oxidative damage in all parts of the cell, including the cell membrane, mitochondria and nucleus.
3. multiple health benefits
Astaxanthin offers a wide range of health benefits beyond its antioxidant properties. It supports skin health by protecting against UV radiation and improving skin elasticity. It promotes eye health by protecting the retina from oxidative stress and improving blood flow to the eyes.
Astaxanthin also supports cardiovascular health by reducing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and inhibiting inflammation in the blood vessels. It can improve muscle endurance and recovery, which is particularly beneficial for athletes, and support joint health by reducing inflammatory processes in the joints.
In addition, astaxanthin may have neuroprotective effects, which may protect the brain from oxidative stress and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. It may also strengthen the immune system by regulating the activity of immune cells and balancing the immune response.
4 Origin and availability
Astaxanthin occurs naturally in various marine organisms, including microalgae, krill, shrimp and salmon. It can also be produced synthetically from petrochemical precursors, although the natural form is often favoured due to its higher biological activity.
Compared to other nutrients and antioxidants, astaxanthin may not be as widely used and recognised, but its unique properties and multiple health benefits make it a remarkable and effective active ingredient. However, with increasing scientific interest and a growing demand for natural health products, astaxanthin is gaining popularity and recognition as a powerful ingredient for promoting health and well-being.
What are the side effects and contraindications of astaxanthin?
Astaxanthin is generally considered safe and well tolerated, especially when taken in the recommended dosages. However, there are some potential side effects and contraindications that should be considered.
Potential side effects:
1. allergic reactions: Although rare, some individuals may have an allergic reaction to astaxanthin, especially if they are already allergic to other carotenoids. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include skin rashes, itching, swelling or breathing difficulties.
2. indigestion: Mild digestive symptoms such as nausea, stomach cramps or diarrhoea have been reported in some cases, especially at high doses. However, these symptoms are usually mild and transient.
3. colour changes: As astaxanthin is a strong red pigment, a slight discolouration of the skin, eyes or stools may occur in rare cases. This is usually harmless and no cause for concern.
Contraindications:
1. pregnancy and lactation: There is limited data on the safety of astaxanthin during pregnancy and lactation. It is therefore recommended that pregnant or breastfeeding women consult their doctor before taking astaxanthin.
2. anticoagulant medication: Astaxanthin can affect blood clotting and enhance the effects of blood-thinning medications such as warfarin. People taking blood-thinning medication should consult their doctor before taking astaxanthin.
3. allergies to crustaceans: As astaxanthin is found in crustaceans such as krill and shrimp, people with known allergies to crustaceans should be cautious when taking astaxanthin.
Very well tolerated:
Despite these potential side effects and contraindications, astaxanthin is generally considered to be very well tolerated. It has been investigated in numerous studies and serious side effects have rarely been reported. Most people can take astaxanthin without any problems and benefit from its many health advantages.
What studies are there on astaxanthin?
There are a variety of scientific studies that have investigated the effects and potential health benefits of astaxanthin. Here are some significant studies that shed light on the various uses and properties of astaxanthin:
1. astaxanthin and skin health:
A study published in "Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition" examined the effect of astaxanthin on skin elasticity and moisturisation in women. The results showed that astaxanthin significantly improved skin elasticity and moisturisation and reduced the appearance of wrinkles.
Another study published in "Experimental Dermatology" investigated the effect of astaxanthin on UV-induced skin ageing. The researchers found that astaxanthin protected the skin from UV radiation and increased the expression of collagen and elastin in the skin.
2 Astaxanthin and eye health:
A study published in "Journal of Clinical Therapeutics & Medicines" examined the effect of astaxanthin on symptoms of "computer vision syndrome" (CVS) in individuals who performed long periods of VDT work. The results showed that astaxanthin significantly reduced the symptoms of CVS, such as eye fatigue and dryness.
Another study, published in "Ophthalmology", investigated the neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in glaucoma. The researchers found that astaxanthin increased the survival rate of retinal ganglion cells and slowed the progression of glaucoma.
3 Astaxanthin and cardiovascular health:
A meta-analysis of clinical trials, published in Journal of Clinical Lipidology, examined the effect of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk factors. The analysis showed that astaxanthin caused significant improvements in LDL cholesterol levels and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as a reduction in triglyceride levels and oxidative stress.
An animal study published in "Nutrition Research" investigated the effect of astaxanthin on endothelial function in rats with high cholesterol levels. The results showed that astaxanthin improved endothelial function and reduced the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
4 Astaxanthin and sports performance:
A randomised, placebo-controlled study published in Journal of Sports Science and Medicine investigated the effect of astaxanthin on muscle function and endurance in cyclists. The results showed that astaxanthin improved muscle function and prolonged the time to exhaustion.
Another study, published in "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise", investigated the effect of astaxanthin on recovery after intense exercise. The researchers found that astaxanthin shortened recovery time and accelerated muscle regeneration.
These studies are just a selection of the extensive research literature on astaxanthin. They show the wide range of applications and potential health benefits of this unique carotenoid.
